RAC1

RAC1
ساختارهای موجود
PDB	جستجوی هم‌ساخت‌شناسی: PDBe RCSB
فهرست شناسه‌های PDB
	1E96, 1FOE, 1G4U, 1HE1, 1HH4, 1I4D, 1I4L, 1I4T, 1MH1, 1RYF, 1RYH, 2FJU, 2H7V, 2NZ8, 2P2L, 2RMK, 2VRW, 2WKP, 2WKQ, 2WKR, 2YIN, 3B13, 3BJI, 3RYT, 3SBD, 3SBE, 3SU8, 3SUA, 3TH5, 4GZL, 4GZM, 4YON, 5FI0
معین‌کننده‌ها
نام‌های دیگر	RAC1, MIG5, Rac-1, TC-25, p21-Rac1, ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (rho family, small GTP binding protein Rac1), Rac family small GTPase 1, MRD48
شناسه‌های بیرونی	OMIM: 602048 MGI: 97845 HomoloGene: 69035 GeneCards: RAC1
موقعیت ژن (موش)
کروموزوم	کروموزوم ۵ (موش)
پایان	143,513,791 bp
الگوی گسترش RNA
	; ;
	More reference expression data
هستی‌شناسی ژن
عملکرد ملکولی	• histone deacetylase binding; • Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor binding; • GTP-dependent protein binding; • GO:0006184 GTPase activity; • enzyme binding; • GO:0001948، GO:0016582 پیوند پروتئینی; • thioesterase binding; • protein kinase binding; • nucleotide binding; • GTP binding; • protein serine/threonine kinase activity; • GO:0032403 protein-containing complex binding; • phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase activity; • ATPase binding;
ترکیبات سلولی	• سیتوپلاسم; • سیتوزول; • membrane; • focal adhesion; • melanosome; • ruffle membrane; • trans-Golgi network; • هسته یاخته; • cell projection; • extrinsic component of plasma membrane; • extracellular exosome; • پای‌لایه; • early endosome membrane; • پوسته یاخته; • ریزرشته; • cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein granule; • endoplasmic reticulum membrane; • Golgi membrane; • phagocytic cup; • GO:0016023 cytoplasmic vesicle; • GO:0005578 بافت‌مانه برون‌یاخته‌ای; • secretory granule membrane; • dendritic spine; • recycling endosome membrane; • postsynapse; • glutamatergic synapse; • ficolin-1-rich granule membrane;
فرایند زیستی	• positive regulation of Rho protein signal transduction; • regulation of respiratory burst; • non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway; • positive regulation of protein phosphorylation; • positive regulation of actin filament polymerization; • regulation of neuron maturation; • negative regulation of receptor-mediated endocytosis; • platelet activation; • Fc-epsilon receptor signaling pathway; • cellular response to mechanical stimulus; • phagocytosis, engulfment; • vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway; • substrate adhesion-dependent cell spreading; • تکثیر سلولی; • ruffle assembly; • lamellipodium assembly; • dopaminergic neuron differentiation; • cell-cell junction organization; • Fc-gamma receptor signaling pathway involved in phagocytosis; • ruffle organization; • actin filament organization; • cell motility; • anatomical structure morphogenesis; • bone resorption; • response to wounding; • protein localization to plasma membrane; • inflammatory response; • regulation of small GTPase mediated signal transduction; • positive regulation of cell-substrate adhesion; • G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway; • neuron projection morphogenesis; • epithelial cell morphogenesis; • dendrite morphogenesis; • regulation of hydrogen peroxide metabolic process; • engulfment of apoptotic cell; • dendrite development; • auditory receptor cell morphogenesis; • hyperosmotic response; • cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron development; • کموتاکسی; • positive regulation of DNA replication; • actin filament polymerization; • چسبندگی سلولی; • negative regulation of interleukin-23 production; • homeostasis of number of cells within a tissue; • cell-matrix adhesion; • localization within membrane; • actin cytoskeleton organization; • regulation of cell size; • anatomical structure arrangement; • GO:0007243 intracellular signal transduction; • regulation of cell migration; • اندوسیتوز; • ephrin receptor signaling pathway; • T cell costimulation; • انعقاد خون; • GO:0019049، GO:0030683 mitigation of host defenses by virus; • synaptic transmission, GABAergic; • mast cell chemotaxis; • positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity; • positive regulation of substrate adhesion-dependent cell spreading; • embryonic olfactory bulb interneuron precursor migration; • cytoskeleton organization; • cochlea morphogenesis; • positive regulation of neutrophil chemotaxis; • positive regulation of apoptotic process; • regulation of cell morphogenesis; • positive regulation of focal adhesion assembly; • regulation of fibroblast migration; • positive regulation of lamellipodium assembly; • cerebral cortex radially oriented cell migration; • کوچ یاخته; • semaphorin-plexin signaling pathway; • positive regulation of stress fiber assembly; • هدایت آسه; • small GTPase mediated signal transduction; • GO:0032320، GO:0032321، GO:0032855، GO:0043089، GO:0032854 positive regulation of GTPase activity; • Wnt signaling pathway, planar cell polarity pathway; • midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation; • neuron migration; • protein phosphorylation; • Rho protein signal transduction; • regulation of lamellipodium assembly; • Rac protein signal transduction; • cell projection assembly; • positive regulation of microtubule polymerization; • neutrophil degranulation; • regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process; • phosphatidylinositol phosphate biosynthetic process; • hepatocyte growth factor receptor signaling pathway; • regulation of stress fiber assembly; • positive regulation of protein kinase B signaling; • motor neuron axon guidance; • regulation of neutrophil migration; • positive regulation of insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose stimulus;
	منابع: آمیگو / کوئیک‌گو
هم‌ساخت‌شناسی
	5879
	19353
	ENSG00000136238
	ENSMUSG00000001847
	P63000
	P63001
	NM_006908، NM_018890 NM_198829، NM_006908، NM_018890
	NM_001347530 NM_009007، NM_001347530
	NP_061485 NP_008839، NP_061485
	NP_033033 NP_001334459، NP_033033
	ویکی‌داده
مشاهده/ویرایش انسان	مشاهده/ویرایش موش

سوبسترای ۱ سم بوتولینوم سی۳ مرتبط با Ras (انگلیسی: Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1) یک پروتئین است که در انسان توسط ژن «RAC1» کُدگذاری می‌شود.^[۴]^[۵] این ژن که بر روی بازوی کوتاه کروموزوم ۷ واقع شده، قادر است از طریق پیرایش دگرسان، انواع متفاوتی از پروتئین Rac1 را تولید کند که هریک عملکردی متفاوت دارند.^[۶]

پروتئین Rac1 یک جی‌پروتئین (یا به‌طور دقیق تر یک جی‌تی‌پی‌آز) بسیار کوچک است که تنها ۲۱ کیلودالتون وزن دارد و همچون سایر اعضای خانوادهٔ بزرگ آنزیم‌های جی‌تی‌پی‌آز در وقایع مهم سلولی نفش دارند، از جمله کنترل GLUT4^[۷]^[۸] و جذب گلوکز، رشد سلول، سامان‌دهی اسکلت سلولی، سمیت سلولی ضد میکروبی^[۹] و فعال کردن برخی کینازها.^[۱۰] در واقع Rac1 یک تنظیم کننده چندنمودی بسیاری از فرایندهای یاخته‌ای است: چرخه سلول، چسبندگی سلول‌ها به هم، حرکت سلول (از طریق شبکهٔ اکتین) و تمایز بافت پوششی. پروتئین Rac1 به میزان فراوانی در بافت‌های حساس به انسولین از جمله ماهیچه‌ها و بافت چربی یافت می‌شود.^[۸]^[۱۱]^[۱۲] این پروتئین همچنین برای جذب گلوکز در ماهیچه‌های اسکلتی ضروری است که با ورزش کردن^[۷]^[۱۳] و کشش عضلانی^[۱۴] فعال می‌شود.

این پروتئین با مولکول‌های زیادی تعامل پروتئین-پروتئین دارد که از آن میان می‌توان به MYD88^[۱۵] و STAT3^[۱۶] اشاره کرد.

اهمیت بالینی[ویرایش]

جهش‌های فعال‌ساز در ژن «RAC1» در ملانوما^[۱۷]^[۱۸]^[۱۹] و کارسینوم ریه سلول-غیرکوچک^[۲۰] مشاهده شده‌است و ممکن است در آینده یکی از اهداف درمانی باشد.^[۲۱] اخیراً پژوهش‌هایی معطوف به مهار این مولکول در درمان ملانومای متاستازداده، سرطان کبد و سرطان پستان بوده‌است.^[۲۲]^[۲۳]^[۲۴]

همچنی مشاهده شده که برخی جهش‌های خاص در ژن «RAC1» سبب بروز عقب‌ماندگی ذهنی،^[۲۵] میکروسفالی یا ماکروسفالی می‌گردد.

منابع[ویرایش]

↑ ^۱٫۰ ^۱٫۱ ^۱٫۲ GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000001847 - Ensembl, May 2017
↑ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
↑ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
↑ Didsbury J, Weber RF, Bokoch GM, Evans T, Snyderman R (Oct 1989). "rac, a novel ras-related family of proteins that are botulinum toxin substrates". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 264 (28): 16378–82. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)84716-6. PMID 2674130.
↑ Jordan P, Brazåo R, Boavida MG, Gespach C, Chastre E (Nov 1999). "Cloning of a novel human Rac1b splice variant with increased expression in colorectal tumors". Oncogene. 18 (48): 6835–9. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1203233. PMID 10597294.
↑ Zhou C, Licciulli S, Avila JL, Cho M, Troutman S, Jiang P, Kossenkov AV, Showe LC, Liu Q, Vachani A, Albelda SM, Kissil JL (Feb 2013). "The Rac1 splice form Rac1b promotes K-ras-induced lung tumorigenesis". Oncogene. 32 (7): 903–9. doi:10.1038/onc.2012.99. PMC 3384754. PMID 22430205.
↑ ^۷٫۰ ^۷٫۱ Sylow, Lykke; Nielsen, Ida L.; Kleinert, Maximilian; Møller, Lisbeth L. V.; Ploug, Thorkil; Schjerling, Peter; Bilan, Philip J.; Klip, Amira; Jensen, Thomas E. (2016-04-09). "Rac1 governs exercise-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle through regulation of GLUT4 translocation in mice". The Journal of Physiology. 594 (17): 4997–5008. doi:10.1113/JP272039. ISSN 1469-7793. PMC 5009787. PMID 27061726.
↑ ^۸٫۰ ^۸٫۱ Ueda S, Kitazawa S, Ishida K, Nishikawa Y, Matsui M, Matsumoto H, Aoki T, Nozaki S, Takeda T, Tamori Y, Aiba A, Kahn CR, Kataoka T, Satoh T (Jul 2010). "Crucial role of the small GTPase Rac1 in insulin-stimulated translocation of glucose transporter 4 to the mouse skeletal muscle sarcolemma". FASEB Journal. 24 (7): 2254–61. doi:10.1096/fj.09-137380. PMC 4183928. PMID 20203090.
↑ Xiang RF (Mar 2016). "Ras-related C3 Botulinum Toxin Substrate (Rac) and Src Family Kinases (SFK) Are Proximal and Essential for Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase (PI3K) Activation in Natural Killer (NK) Cell-mediated Direct Cytotoxicity against Cryptococcus neoformans". J Biol Chem. 291 (13): 6912–22. doi:10.1074/jbc.M115.681544. PMC 4807276. PMID 26867574.
↑ Ridley AJ (Oct 2006). "Rho GTPases and actin dynamics in membrane protrusions and vesicle trafficking". Trends in Cell Biology. 16 (10): 522–9. doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2006.08.006. PMID 16949823.
↑ Sylow L, Kleinert M, Pehmøller C, Prats C, Chiu TT, Klip A, Richter EA, Jensen TE (Feb 2014). "Akt and Rac1 signaling are jointly required for insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and downregulated in insulin resistance". Cellular Signalling. 26 (2): 323–31. doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.11.007. PMID 24216610.
↑ Sylow L, Jensen TE, Kleinert M, Højlund K, Kiens B, Wojtaszewski J, Prats C, Schjerling P, Richter EA (Jun 2013). "Rac1 signaling is required for insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and is dysregulated in insulin-resistant murine and human skeletal muscle". Diabetes. 62 (6): 1865–75. doi:10.2337/db12-1148. PMC 3661612. PMID 23423567.
↑ Sylow L, Jensen TE, Kleinert M, Mouatt JR, Maarbjerg SJ, Jeppesen J, Prats C, Chiu TT, Boguslavsky S, Klip A, Schjerling P, Richter EA (Apr 2013). "Rac1 is a novel regulator of contraction-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle". Diabetes. 62 (4): 1139–51. doi:10.2337/db12-0491. PMC 3609592. PMID 23274900.
↑ Sylow L, Møller LL, Kleinert M, Richter EA, Jensen TE (Feb 2015). "Stretch-stimulated glucose transport in skeletal muscle is regulated by Rac1". The Journal of Physiology. 593 (3): 645–56. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2014.284281. PMC 4324711. PMID 25416624.
↑ Jefferies C, Bowie A, Brady G, Cooke EL, Li X, O'Neill LA (Jul 2001). "Transactivation by the p65 subunit of NF-kappaB in response to interleukin-1 (IL-1) involves MyD88, IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 1, TRAF-6, and Rac1" (PDF). Molecular and Cellular Biology. 21 (14): 4544–52. doi:10.1128/MCB.21.14.4544-4552.2001. PMC 87113. PMID 11416133.
↑ Simon AR, Vikis HG, Stewart S, Fanburg BL, Cochran BH, Guan KL (Oct 2000). "Regulation of STAT3 by direct binding to the Rac1 GTPase". Science. 290 (5489): 144–7. doi:10.1126/science.290.5489.144. PMID 11021801.
↑ Hodis E, Watson IR, Kryukov GV, Arold ST, Imielinski M, Theurillat JP, Nickerson E, Auclair D, Li L, Place C, Dicara D, Ramos AH, Lawrence MS, Cibulskis K, Sivachenko A, Voet D, Saksena G, Stransky N, Onofrio RC, Winckler W, Ardlie K, Wagle N, Wargo J, Chong K, Morton DL, Stemke-Hale K, Chen G, Noble M, Meyerson M, Ladbury JE, Davies MA, Gershenwald JE, Wagner SN, Hoon DS, Schadendorf D, Lander ES, Gabriel SB, Getz G, Garraway LA, Chin L (Jul 2012). "A landscape of driver mutations in melanoma". Cell. 150 (2): 251–63. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.06.024. PMC 3600117. PMID 22817889.
↑ Krauthammer M, Kong Y, Ha BH, Evans P, Bacchiocchi A, McCusker JP, Cheng E, Davis MJ, Goh G, Choi M, Ariyan S, Narayan D, Dutton-Regester K, Capatana A, Holman EC, Bosenberg M, Sznol M, Kluger HM, Brash DE, Stern DF, Materin MA, Lo RS, Mane S, Ma S, Kidd KK, Hayward NK, Lifton RP, Schlessinger J, Boggon TJ, Halaban R (Sep 2012). "Exome sequencing identifies recurrent somatic RAC1 mutations in melanoma". Nature Genetics. 44 (9): 1006–14. doi:10.1038/ng.2359. PMC 3432702. PMID 22842228.
↑ Bauer NN, Chen YW, Samant RS, Shevde LA, Fodstad O (Nov 2007). "Rac1 activity regulates proliferation of aggressive metastatic melanoma". Experimental Cell Research. 313 (18): 3832–9. doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2007.08.017. PMID 17904119.
↑ Stallings-Mann ML, Waldmann J, Zhang Y, Miller E, Gauthier ML, Visscher DW, Downey GP, Radisky ES, Fields AP, Radisky DC (Jul 2012). "Matrix metalloproteinase induction of Rac1b, a key effector of lung cancer progression". Science Translational Medicine. 4 (142): 142ra95. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3004062. PMC 3733503. PMID 22786680.
↑ McAllister SS (Jul 2012). "Got a light? Illuminating lung cancer". Science Translational Medicine. 4 (142): 142fs22. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3004446. PMID 22786678. S2CID 12093516.
↑ Chen QY, Xu LQ, Jiao DM, Yao QH, Wang YY, Hu HZ, et al. (Nov 2011). "Silencing of Rac1 modifies lung cancer cell migration, invasion and actin cytoskeleton rearrangements and enhances chemosensitivity to antitumor drugs". International Journal of Molecular Medicine. 28 (5): 769–776. doi:10.3892/ijmm.2011.775. PMID 21837360.
↑ Dokmanovic M, Hirsch DS, Shen Y, Wu WJ (Jun 2009). "Rac1 contributes to trastuzumab resistance of breast cancer cells: Rac1 as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of trastuzumab-resistant breast cancer". Molecular Cancer Therapeutics. 8 (6): 1557–69. doi:10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-0140. PMID 19509242.
↑ Liu S, Yu M, He Y, Xiao L, Wang F, Song C, Sun S, Ling C, Xu Z (Jun 2008). "Melittin prevents liver cancer cell metastasis through inhibition of the Rac1-dependent pathway". Hepatology. 47 (6): 1964–73. doi:10.1002/hep.22240. PMID 18506888. S2CID 21106205.
↑ Reijnders, Margot R.F.; Ansor, Nurhuda M.; Kousi, Maria; Yue, Wyatt W.; Tan, Perciliz L.; Clarkson, Katie; Clayton-Smith, Jill; Corning, Ken; Jones, Julie R.; Lam, Wayne W.K.; Mancini, Grazia M.S.; Marcelis, Carlo; Mohammed, Shehla; Pfundt, Rolph; Roifman, Maian; Cohn, Ronald; Chitayat, David; Millard, Tom H.; Katsanis, Nicholas; Brunner, Han G.; Banka, Siddharth (September 2017). "RAC1 Missense Mutations in Developmental Disorders with Diverse Phenotypes". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 101 (3): 466–477. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.08.007. PMC 5591022. PMID 28886345.

مشارکت‌کنندگان ویکی‌پدیا. «RAC1». در دانشنامهٔ ویکی‌پدیای انگلیسی، بازبینی‌شده در ۱۸ اکتبر ۲۰۲۲.

برای مطالعهٔ بیشتر[ویرایش]

Benitah SA, Frye M, Glogauer M, Watt FM (Aug 2005). "Stem cell depletion through epidermal deletion of Rac1". Science. 309 (5736): 933–5. doi:10.1126/science.1113579. PMID 16081735. S2CID 21888612.
Ramakers GJ (Apr 2002). "Rho proteins, mental retardation and the cellular basis of cognition". Trends in Neurosciences. 25 (4): 191–9. doi:10.1016/S0166-2236(00)02118-4. PMID 11998687. S2CID 13941716.
Esufali S, Charames GS, Bapat B (Oct 2007). "Suppression of nuclear Wnt signaling leads to stabilization of Rac1 isoforms". FEBS Letters. 581 (25): 4850–6. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2007.09.013. PMID 17888911. S2CID 1457000.

پیوند به بیرون[ویرایش]

rac1 GTP-Binding Protein در سرعنوان‌های موضوعی پزشکی (MeSH) در کتابخانهٔ ملی پزشکی ایالات متحدهٔ آمریکا

[refGRCm38Ensembl-1] ۱٫۰ ^۱٫۱ ^۱٫۲ GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000001847 - Ensembl, May 2017

[2] "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[3] "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[pmid2674130-4] Didsbury J, Weber RF, Bokoch GM, Evans T, Snyderman R (Oct 1989). "rac, a novel ras-related family of proteins that are botulinum toxin substrates". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 264 (28): 16378–82. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)84716-6. PMID 2674130.

[pmid10597294-5] Jordan P, Brazåo R, Boavida MG, Gespach C, Chastre E (Nov 1999). "Cloning of a novel human Rac1b splice variant with increased expression in colorectal tumors". Oncogene. 18 (48): 6835–9. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1203233. PMID 10597294.

[pmid22430205-6] Zhou C, Licciulli S, Avila JL, Cho M, Troutman S, Jiang P, Kossenkov AV, Showe LC, Liu Q, Vachani A, Albelda SM, Kissil JL (Feb 2013). "The Rac1 splice form Rac1b promotes K-ras-induced lung tumorigenesis". Oncogene. 32 (7): 903–9. doi:10.1038/onc.2012.99. PMC 3384754. PMID 22430205.

[:0-7] ۷٫۰ ^۷٫۱ Sylow, Lykke; Nielsen, Ida L.; Kleinert, Maximilian; Møller, Lisbeth L. V.; Ploug, Thorkil; Schjerling, Peter; Bilan, Philip J.; Klip, Amira; Jensen, Thomas E. (2016-04-09). "Rac1 governs exercise-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle through regulation of GLUT4 translocation in mice". The Journal of Physiology. 594 (17): 4997–5008. doi:10.1113/JP272039. ISSN 1469-7793. PMC 5009787. PMID 27061726.

[:1-8] ۸٫۰ ^۸٫۱ Ueda S, Kitazawa S, Ishida K, Nishikawa Y, Matsui M, Matsumoto H, Aoki T, Nozaki S, Takeda T, Tamori Y, Aiba A, Kahn CR, Kataoka T, Satoh T (Jul 2010). "Crucial role of the small GTPase Rac1 in insulin-stimulated translocation of glucose transporter 4 to the mouse skeletal muscle sarcolemma". FASEB Journal. 24 (7): 2254–61. doi:10.1096/fj.09-137380. PMC 4183928. PMID 20203090.

[pmid26867574-9] Xiang RF (Mar 2016). "Ras-related C3 Botulinum Toxin Substrate (Rac) and Src Family Kinases (SFK) Are Proximal and Essential for Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase (PI3K) Activation in Natural Killer (NK) Cell-mediated Direct Cytotoxicity against Cryptococcus neoformans". J Biol Chem. 291 (13): 6912–22. doi:10.1074/jbc.M115.681544. PMC 4807276. PMID 26867574.

[pmid16949823-10] Ridley AJ (Oct 2006). "Rho GTPases and actin dynamics in membrane protrusions and vesicle trafficking". Trends in Cell Biology. 16 (10): 522–9. doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2006.08.006. PMID 16949823.

[11] Sylow L, Kleinert M, Pehmøller C, Prats C, Chiu TT, Klip A, Richter EA, Jensen TE (Feb 2014). "Akt and Rac1 signaling are jointly required for insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and downregulated in insulin resistance". Cellular Signalling. 26 (2): 323–31. doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.11.007. PMID 24216610.

[12] Sylow L, Jensen TE, Kleinert M, Højlund K, Kiens B, Wojtaszewski J, Prats C, Schjerling P, Richter EA (Jun 2013). "Rac1 signaling is required for insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and is dysregulated in insulin-resistant murine and human skeletal muscle". Diabetes. 62 (6): 1865–75. doi:10.2337/db12-1148. PMC 3661612. PMID 23423567.

[13] Sylow L, Jensen TE, Kleinert M, Mouatt JR, Maarbjerg SJ, Jeppesen J, Prats C, Chiu TT, Boguslavsky S, Klip A, Schjerling P, Richter EA (Apr 2013). "Rac1 is a novel regulator of contraction-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle". Diabetes. 62 (4): 1139–51. doi:10.2337/db12-0491. PMC 3609592. PMID 23274900.

[14] Sylow L, Møller LL, Kleinert M, Richter EA, Jensen TE (Feb 2015). "Stretch-stimulated glucose transport in skeletal muscle is regulated by Rac1". The Journal of Physiology. 593 (3): 645–56. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2014.284281. PMC 4324711. PMID 25416624.

[pmid11416133-15] Jefferies C, Bowie A, Brady G, Cooke EL, Li X, O'Neill LA (Jul 2001). "Transactivation by the p65 subunit of NF-kappaB in response to interleukin-1 (IL-1) involves MyD88, IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 1, TRAF-6, and Rac1" (PDF). Molecular and Cellular Biology. 21 (14): 4544–52. doi:10.1128/MCB.21.14.4544-4552.2001. PMC 87113. PMID 11416133.

[pmid11021801-16] Simon AR, Vikis HG, Stewart S, Fanburg BL, Cochran BH, Guan KL (Oct 2000). "Regulation of STAT3 by direct binding to the Rac1 GTPase". Science. 290 (5489): 144–7. doi:10.1126/science.290.5489.144. PMID 11021801.

[pmid22817889-17] Hodis E, Watson IR, Kryukov GV, Arold ST, Imielinski M, Theurillat JP, Nickerson E, Auclair D, Li L, Place C, Dicara D, Ramos AH, Lawrence MS, Cibulskis K, Sivachenko A, Voet D, Saksena G, Stransky N, Onofrio RC, Winckler W, Ardlie K, Wagle N, Wargo J, Chong K, Morton DL, Stemke-Hale K, Chen G, Noble M, Meyerson M, Ladbury JE, Davies MA, Gershenwald JE, Wagner SN, Hoon DS, Schadendorf D, Lander ES, Gabriel SB, Getz G, Garraway LA, Chin L (Jul 2012). "A landscape of driver mutations in melanoma". Cell. 150 (2): 251–63. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.06.024. PMC 3600117. PMID 22817889.

[pmid22842228-18] Krauthammer M, Kong Y, Ha BH, Evans P, Bacchiocchi A, McCusker JP, Cheng E, Davis MJ, Goh G, Choi M, Ariyan S, Narayan D, Dutton-Regester K, Capatana A, Holman EC, Bosenberg M, Sznol M, Kluger HM, Brash DE, Stern DF, Materin MA, Lo RS, Mane S, Ma S, Kidd KK, Hayward NK, Lifton RP, Schlessinger J, Boggon TJ, Halaban R (Sep 2012). "Exome sequencing identifies recurrent somatic RAC1 mutations in melanoma". Nature Genetics. 44 (9): 1006–14. doi:10.1038/ng.2359. PMC 3432702. PMID 22842228.

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